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- WORLD, Page 62CONFLICTSTaking the Road to War?
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- A cleric's assassination raises the temperature as India and
- Pakistan stumble toward another unwinnable battle
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- By EDWARD W. DESMOND/SRINAGAR -- With reporting by Yusuf
- Jameel/ Srinagar
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- Three well-dressed young men walked into Maulvi Muhammad
- Farooq's office in Srinagar, the summer capital of Jammu and
- Kashmir, last week and politely asked to see him. When the
- Muslim cleric and political leader joined them, they pulled out
- pistols, shot him ten times and ran. One hour later, Farooq,
- 45, died on the operating table at a nearby hospital.
-
- But the violence did not end there. When Farooq's death was
- announced, agitated crowds that had gathered outside the
- hospital stormed the emergency room to claim his body. They
- then led an emotional procession toward the headquarters of his
- party, the pro-independence People's Action Committee. As the
- marchers tried to push their way through a police cordon,
- Indian security forces opened fire, killing at least 47 people
- and wounding some 300. In the melee, Farooq's body fell to the
- ground and was hit by three bullets.
-
- The next day more than 300,000 Kashmiris attended Farooq's
- funeral. Security was tight everywhere, but police stayed away
- from the burial in Martyrs' Cemetery, where militant Muslim
- youths fired volleys from assault rifles in his honor. While
- no organization has claimed responsibility for Farooq's
- assassination, most of his mourners seemed to blame the Indian
- government. In answer to the question "Who killed Muhammad
- Farooq?" the crowd roared back, "Jagmohan!" referring to the
- hard-line governor appointed by New Delhi in January to stamp
- out the 22-month-old rebellion in India's sole state with a
- Muslim majority. On Friday the governor resigned, and will be
- replaced by Girish Saxena, Prime Minister V.P. Singh's security
- adviser on Kashmir.
-
- "India is indulging in genocide," charged Pakistani Prime
- Minister Benazir Bhutto last week. She had just returned from
- a week-long tour of eight Middle Eastern countries, where she
- was seeking support for the Kashmiris' right to
- self-determination. While some Kashmiri militants favor an
- independent state of their own, Bhutto rejected that idea as
- "extremely dangerous." Kashmir's freedom, she insisted, was
- "the freedom to join Pakistan." In the process, she said, armed
- conflict with India could not be ruled out, "but we do not
- believe war is inevitable."
-
- The distrust and hatred between primarily Hindu India and
- Muslim Pakistan have exploded into war three times, twice (in
- 1947 and 1965) over the fate of Kashmir. The issue is no closer
- to peaceful resolution today than it was when the two nations
- were created by the British partition of the subcontinent in
- 1947. Kashmiris have again shaken life into the dispute with
- a rebellion against Indian rule that has cost nearly 600 lives
- so far this year. The struggle has produced not only talk of
- war but also an escalation of military moves on both sides of
- the border.
-
- No one, least of all the principals, doubts that a fourth
- Indo-Pakistani war would be devastating. Some observers even
- fear that such a conflict could lead to the first use of
- nuclear weapons since 1945. India exploded its initial nuclear
- device in 1974, and Pakistan is widely believed to have a
- nuclear weapon. The catalyst for this potential catastrophe is
- the rebellion in the beautiful Vale of Kashmir, an 87-mile-long
- valley that is home to more than half the state's 7 million
- people -- 65% of them Muslim. There India faces a bloody
- insurgency and a runaway mass movement for secession that is
- joined even by local police and civil servants. New Delhi
- accuses Pakistan of arming and training the rebels. Islamabad
- denies the charge, but the Bhutto government openly gives its
- political support to the rebellion.
-
- Whatever the full extent of Islamabad's involvement, it is
- clear that members of rebel groups like the Jammu Kashmir
- Liberation Front cross the border from India, sometimes under
- covering fire from Pakistani troops, buy weapons in Pakistan's
- open arms markets, seek military training with the mujahedin
- in Afghanistan and return to Kashmir to fight on. India, doing
- its best to seal off the uprising, has increased its
- paramilitary forces in the region from 15,000 to 145,000.
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- For the Indian soldiers and policemen in the streets,
- Srinagar is enemy territory. At every major crossing, they
- huddle around sandbag bunkers. They never know when a young man
- might dash up, whip back his cloak and blast away with an AK-47
- rifle. He might kill or wound a soldier or two, forcing the
- military to give chase and shoot back -- and thus turn more
- people against the government.
-
- Given the frequency of such incidents, it is no surprise
- that the troops train their rifles at every approaching car.
- They check the trunk and indulge in informal interrogation.
- "What time does your watch say?" It should not be half an hour
- behind; that might mean the person joined the rebels' call to
- adopt Pakistan standard time. "Will you have a drink with us?"
- One should not say no; that might be a sign of Islamic
- fundamentalism. If the motorist does not pass the tests, the
- troops might rough him up -- and break an arm or nose.
-
- The most overpowering impression in the Vale these days is
- the utter alienation of Kashmiri Muslims. Anti-Indian sentiment
- has spread from the angry young men of the J.K.L.F. and the
- twelve other rebel organizations to the businessmen and
- bureaucrats who might be expected to support the status quo.
- The best recruiter for the rebels is the curfew, which the
- government has imposed off and on since December. In April the
- curfew lasted 17 days straight. It was intended to keep 1.5
- million Kashmiris in place while heavily armed troops carried
- out house-to-house, room-to-room, closet-to-closet searches.
- Today, if a visitor happens into a place that has been combed
- by these troops, he draws an instant crowd and a dozen offers
- to see someone "beaten by the army."
-
- The activists of the J.K.L.F. who blow up banks and
- government offices and kill soldiers and civil servants work
- for the Front's deputy commander, Sheik Hamid, who moves easily
- through Srinagar. If patrolling soldiers come too close, people
- in the neighborhood pour into the alleys to shout
- pro-independence slogans, giving Hamid time to escape. How long
- will the struggle for secession take? Hamid does not know, but
- he is pleased with the progress so far. "Our biggest success
- has been to present the problem to the world," Hamid says. That
- he has certainly done.
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